Marijuana And Its Psychological Impact

April 9, 2025

The Impact of Marijuana on Mental Health

Marijuana use can have various effects on mental health, particularly in relation to cognitive function and long-term brain health. Understanding these impacts is essential for individuals considering or currently using marijuana. Let's explore the effects of marijuana on cognitive function and the potential long-term effects on the brain.

Marijuana Use and Cognitive Function

Marijuana use can impair cognitive functions such as memory, concentration, attention, and decision-making, especially in teens and young adults. Studies have shown that frequent marijuana use in young people is linked to impairments in learning, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control.

Research suggests that the age of initiation, amount, and duration of marijuana use can influence the degree of cognitive impairment. For example, a longitudinal study conducted over 25 years found that significant declines in verbal memory were associated with cumulative lifetime exposure to marijuana among young adults. It's important to note that the cognitive effects of marijuana may vary depending on individual factors such as genetic predisposition, frequency of use, and dosage.

Long-Term Effects of Marijuana on the Brain

The long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain can lead to changes in neural connectivity and brain structure, impacting mental health and overall cognitive functioning. Chronic exposure to THC, the psychoactive compound in marijuana, may hasten age-related loss of hippocampal neurons, resulting in a decreased ability to learn new information. Studies have also linked marijuana use to declines in IQ, particularly when use begins in adolescence. Persistent marijuana use disorder with frequent use starting in adolescence was associated with a loss of an average of 6 to 8 IQ points in mid-adulthood, and the decline was not recovered even if heavy marijuana use ceased in adulthood.

Furthermore, marijuana use in adolescence has been associated with altered brain structure and functionality, affecting areas crucial for executive functions like memory, learning, and impulse control. However, it's worth noting that some studies have not found significant structural differences between the brains of marijuana users and non-users.

While research provides insights into the impact of marijuana on cognitive function and long-term brain health, it's important to consider individual differences and the potential for variability in outcomes. It's always recommended to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice and guidance regarding marijuana use and its effects on mental health.

Marijuana Use During Pregnancy

The increasing rates of marijuana use among pregnant women have raised concerns about the potential effects on the developing brain. It is essential to understand the risks associated with marijuana use during pregnancy to make informed decisions regarding maternal and fetal health.

Increasing Rates of Marijuana Use Among Pregnant Women

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), the prevalence of marijuana use among pregnant women has been on the rise. In recent years, the percentage of pregnant women reporting marijuana use has increased significantly. From 4.6% in 2010-2011, it rose to 6.1% in 2018-2019. In 2019 alone, 29.9% of pregnant women reported using marijuana in the past year, with 16.9% using it in the past month.

Potential Effects of Marijuana on the Developing Brain

Studies have shown that marijuana use during pregnancy can have potential effects on the developing brain of the fetus. The active compound in marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can cross the placenta and affect the developing brain.

Research findings indicate that exposure to marijuana during pregnancy may lead to changes in neural connectivity and brain structure. These changes can potentially impact mental health and overall cognitive functioning. Chronic THC exposure may also accelerate age-related loss of hippocampal neurons, resulting in a decreased ability to learn new information. In studies conducted on rats, those exposed to THC daily for eight months showed nerve cell loss at an age equivalent to unexposed animals twice their age.

While more research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of marijuana use during pregnancy, it is crucial for expecting mothers to consider potential risks and consult with healthcare professionals. Making informed decisions regarding prenatal care and avoiding substance use can contribute to the well-being of both the mother and the developing child.

Marijuana Use in Adolescence

During adolescence, the use of marijuana can have significant impacts on cognitive function, learning abilities, and mental health. Understanding these effects is crucial in addressing the potential risks associated with marijuana use among young individuals.

Cognitive Impairment and Learning Difficulties

Research suggests that cannabis use during critical developmental periods in the brain may induce persistent alterations in brain structure and function [3]. Majority of studies have shown that cannabis abusers exhibit significant cognitive decline compared to non-abusers and healthy controls. Very heavy use of marijuana has been associated with persistent decrements in neurocognitive performance, resulting in slowed response times and worse motor control. Chronic cannabis use can also alter memory-related brain activation and lead to memory recall deficits.

Link Between Marijuana Use and Psychosis

Cannabis use has been associated with an increased risk of earlier onset of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, especially in individuals with other risk factors such as a family history of the disorder. High doses of cannabis can induce temporary psychotic episodes, potentially increasing the risk of developing a psychotic disorder later on.

Furthermore, research has shown that cannabis use during adolescence can lead to an increased risk of depression. There is also robust evidence linking cannabis use with suicidal thoughts and behaviors among teenagers and military veterans in the United States. Other mental health issues, including anxiety and self-harm, have also been associated with cannabis use.

It is important for parents, educators, and healthcare professionals to be aware of the potential cognitive and mental health risks associated with marijuana use in adolescence. Early prevention efforts, education, and support can play a crucial role in promoting the well-being and overall development of young individuals.

Cannabis Use Disorder and Mental Health

When discussing the psychological impact of marijuana, it is essential to consider the prevalence of cannabis use disorder (CUD) in individuals with mental illnesses. CUD refers to the problematic pattern of cannabis use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. Let's explore the relationship between CUD and mental health, as well as the association between cannabis use and anxiety.

Prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder in Mental Illness

There is an increased prevalence of cannabis use disorder among individuals with mental illness. Approximately 1 in 4 patients with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with CUD. The co-occurrence of these conditions can have a significant impact on overall well-being and treatment outcomes. It is crucial for healthcare providers to address both disorders simultaneously to provide comprehensive care and support.

Association Between Cannabis Use and Anxiety

The association between cannabis use and anxiety has been the subject of much debate and conflicting data. While THC, a psychoactive component of cannabis, has been shown to elicit anxiety in some individuals, a recent large meta-analysis did not find a convincing link between cannabis use and anxiety. The relationship between cannabis and anxiety is complex and multifaceted, and further research is needed to understand the specific factors that contribute to anxiety symptoms in some cannabis users.

It is essential to note that cannabis use has been linked to substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, and nicotine dependence. The interaction between cannabis and mental health is still not fully understood, and ongoing research is needed to determine the precise mechanisms and effects of cannabis use on mental health.

Understanding the relationship between cannabis use disorder and mental health is crucial for developing effective interventions and treatment strategies. Healthcare providers should be aware of the increased prevalence of CUD in individuals with mental illness and consider integrated approaches to address both conditions. Additionally, individuals using cannabis should be mindful of their mental health and seek professional help if experiencing distressing symptoms or concerns.

Withdrawal Symptoms and Management

When individuals abruptly stop or significantly reduce their use of cannabis products containing Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), they may experience a set of symptoms known as cannabis withdrawal. These symptoms typically occur within 24 to 48 hours after cessation and most commonly peak between days 2 and 6. In some cases, symptoms can last up to 3 weeks or more for heavy cannabis users.

Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms

Cannabis withdrawal symptoms can vary from person to person, but some of the most common features include:

Anxiety
Irritability
Anger or aggression
Disturbed sleep and intense dreaming
Depressed mood
Loss of appetite

Less common physical symptoms may also occur, such as chills, headaches, physical tension, sweating, and stomach pain.

A meta-analysis estimated that approximately 47% of individuals reported cannabis withdrawal symptoms when measured by standardized scales. The prevalence varied across different samples, with rates of 17% in community samples, increasing to 54% in outpatient samples, and 87% in inpatient samples.

Approaches to Managing Cannabis Withdrawal

The management of cannabis withdrawal typically involves supportive counseling and psychoeducation as first-line approaches. These interventions aim to provide individuals with the necessary tools and support to cope with withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. In the absence of medications specifically approved for cannabis withdrawal, these non-pharmacological approaches play a critical role in treatment.

While there are no medications currently approved specifically for medically assisted withdrawal (MAW) from cannabis, certain medications have been used to manage short-term symptoms associated with withdrawal, such as anxiety, sleep disturbances, and nausea. However, it's important to note that the findings from controlled trials of pharmacological agents have been underpowered, and positive results have not been reliably replicated.

It is also important to consider the clinical significance of cannabis withdrawal, as the presence of withdrawal symptoms may increase the risk of relapse to cannabis use. Additionally, individuals with concurrent mental health issues and polysubstance use may experience more complex withdrawal symptoms that require specialized treatment approaches.

In conclusion, managing cannabis withdrawal involves a combination of supportive counseling, psychoeducation, and potentially short-term use of medications to address specific symptoms. The goal is to provide individuals with the necessary support and resources to navigate the challenges of withdrawal and maintain long-term abstinence from cannabis use.

Long-Term Cannabis Use and Cognitive Function

Examining the effects of long-term cannabis use on cognitive function is a topic of significant interest. Several studies have explored the relationship between cannabis use and cognitive deficits, shedding light on the potential impact of marijuana on cognitive abilities.

Study Findings on Cognitive Deficits

A study published in JAMA Internal Medicine on June 14, 2022, examined the cognitive effects of long-term cannabis use in midlife. The research revealed that individuals who used cannabis heavily in their midlife scored lower on cognitive tests compared to those who had never used cannabis. These findings align with previous research that has consistently shown a negative association between long-term cannabis use and cognitive function.

The study assessed cognitive performance through tests of processing speed, sustained attention, and executive function. The results indicated that long-term cannabis use is associated with deficits in these cognitive domains [8]. The specific areas affected by long-term cannabis use included processing speed, which refers to the ability to quickly and accurately process information, sustained attention, which involves maintaining focus over an extended period, and executive function, which encompasses skills like decision-making, problem-solving, and impulse control.

Relationship Between Frequency of Use and Cognitive Impairment

The study also found a correlation between the frequency of cannabis use and cognitive impairment. Heavier use of cannabis was associated with more pronounced deficits in cognitive function. This suggests that the extent of cognitive impairment may be influenced by the amount and frequency of cannabis use.

Using data from the CARDIA study, this research provided valuable insights into the relationship between long-term cannabis use and cognitive abilities in later years. These findings highlight the importance of considering the potential cognitive consequences of long-term cannabis use, particularly for individuals who engage in heavy or frequent use.

Understanding the cognitive effects of long-term cannabis use is crucial for individuals who use marijuana regularly. It is essential to make informed decisions about cannabis consumption, considering the potential impact on cognitive function and overall mental well-being.